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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stannylene</span></h1>
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<p><b>Stannylene</b> (R<sub>2</sub>Sn:) sind eine Klasse an <a href="Zinnorganische_Verbindungen" title="Zinnorganische Verbindungen">zinnorganischen Verbindungen</a> und gehören zu den <a href="Tetrylene" title="Tetrylene">Tetrylenen</a>. Im Gegensatz zu Carbenen, die für gewöhnlich einen <a href="Multiplizit%C3%A4t" title="Multiplizität">Triplettgrundzustand</a> haben, haben Stannylene allerdings einen Singulettgrundzustand, da das <a href="Valenzorbitale" title="Valenzorbitale">Valenzorbital</a> des <a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Zinns</a> eine geringere Tendenz zur Bildung von <a href="Hybridorbital" title="Hybridorbital">Hybridorbitalen</a> aufweist und die <a href="Atomorbital" title="Atomorbital">5s-Orbitale</a> entsprechend gepaart sind.<sup id="cite_ref-sasamori_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasamori-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freie Stannylene werden durch <a href="Sterische_Hinderung" title="Sterische Hinderung">sterische Abschirmung</a> stabilisiert. Ebenso sind <a href="Addukt" title="Addukt">Addukte</a> mit <a href="Lewis-S%C3%A4ure-Base-Konzept" title="Lewis-Säure-Base-Konzept">Lewisbasen</a> bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthese_und_Charakterisierung">Synthese und Charakterisierung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabile_Stannylene">Stabile Stannylene</h3></div>
<p>Die meisten alkylsubstituierten Stannylene werden durch die Alkylierung von Zinn(II)-halogeniden mit <a href="Lithiumorganische_Verbindungen" title="Lithiumorganische Verbindungen">lithiumorganischen Verbindungen</a> synthetisiert. So wurde beispielsweise das erste stabile Stannylen [(Me<sub>3</sub>Si)<sub>2</sub>CH]<sub>2</sub>Sn 1973 von <a href="Michael_Lappert" title="Michael Lappert">Michael Lappert</a> durch die Umsetzung von (Me<sub>3</sub>Si)<sub>2</sub>CHLi mit <a href="Zinn(II)-chlorid" title="Zinn(II)-chlorid">Zinndichlorid</a> erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<p>Lappert nutzte denselben Ansatz, um ein Jahr später das erste Diamidostannylen [(Me<sub>3</sub>Si)<sub>2</sub>N]<sub>2</sub>Sn zu synthetisieren.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In einigen Fällen war es auch möglich Stannylene durch die Reduktion einer Zinn(IV)-Verbindung mit <a href="KC8" title="KC8">KC<sub>8</sub></a> herzustellen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurzlebige_Stannylene">Kurzlebige Stannylene</h3></div>
<p>Die Isolierung von kurzlebigen Alkylstannylenen ist schwieriger. Die erste Isolierung von Dimethylstannylen erfolgte durch die Thermolyse des Cyclostannans (Me<sub>2</sub>Sn)<sub>6</sub>, das wiederum ein Produkt der Kondensation von Me<sub>2</sub>Sn(NEt<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> und Me<sub>2</sub>SnH<sub>2</sub> war. Der Nachweis erfolgte <a href="Infrarotspektroskopie" title="Infrarotspektroskopie">infrarotspektroskopisch</a> durch den Vergleich mit berechneten Werten übereinstimmte.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Existenz wurde später weiterhin durch <a href="UV/VIS-Spektroskopie" title="UV/VIS-Spektroskopie">UV/VIS-Spektren</a>, die mit SnMe<sub>2</sub> in der Gasphase übereinstimmen, bestätigt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine andere Methode zur Synthese kurzlebiger Stannylene ist die Laserflashphotolyse von Tetraalkylzinn(IV)-Verbindungen als Edukten. Das entstehen der Stannylene kann durch entsprechende UV/VIS-Spektren beobachtet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_und_Bindung">Struktur und Bindung</h2></div>

<p>Das Zinnatom kann als sp<sup>2</sup>-hybridisiert mit einem vakanten 5p-Orbital und einem freien Elektronenpaar betrachtet werden. Das ist der Grund für die rote Farbe beim <a href="N-p-%C3%9Cbergang" class="mw-redirect" title="N-p-Übergang">n-p-Übergang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mit speziellen <a href="Ligand" title="Ligand">Liganden</a> kann das Elektronendefizit von monomeren Stannylenen reduziert werden. So konnten Keith Izod et al. 2006 das cyclische Dialkylstannylen [{n-Pr<sub>2</sub>P(BH<sub>3</sub>)}(Me<sub>3</sub>Si)CCH<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub>Sn synthetisieren. Die Molekülstruktur im Kristall wies dabei auf eine Ausrichtung einer B–H-Bindung zum Zinn hin. Dabei deutete der B–H··Sn-Abstand von 2,03 Å auf eine <a href="Agostische_Wechselwirkung" title="Agostische Wechselwirkung">agostische Wechselwirkung</a> hin. Die daraus resultierende Schwächung des Elektronendefizits am Zinn konnte weiterhin durch spektroskopische Daten nachgewiesen werden. Insbesondere im <sup>119</sup>Sn-NMR-Spektrum konnte eine drastische Änderung der chemischen Verschiebung auf 587 und 787 ppm beobachtet werden, was auf eine höhere Elektronendichte am Zinn hindeutet. Analoge Dialkylstannylene weisen eine chemische Verschiebung von 2323 ppm auf.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaktivität"><span id="Reaktivit.C3.A4t"></span>Reaktivität</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oligomerisierung">Oligomerisierung</h3></div>
<p>Kleine, instabile Stannylene (zum Beispiel Dimethylstannylen) <a href="Oligomer" title="Oligomer">oligomerisieren</a> mit sich selbst zu cyclischen Organostannylenen, die als Stannylenquelle dienen können.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sterisch anspruchsvollere Stannylene (zum Beispiel Lapperts Stannylen) neigen im Gegensatz dazu zur <a href="Dimerisierung" title="Dimerisierung">Dimerisierung</a>. Die Natur der Sn=Sn-Bindung in derartigen Distannylenen unterscheiden sich allerdings deutlich von den C=C-Bindungen in Carbendimeren (zum Beispiel in <a href="Alkene" title="Alkene">Alkenen</a>). Während Alkene einen typischen <a href="Doppelbindung" title="Doppelbindung">Doppelbindungscharakter</a> entwickeln und eine planare Geometrie aufweisen, haben Stannylene eine trans-bent-Geometrie. Das hängt damit zusammen, dass die Doppelbindung in Distannylenen als Summe von zwei <a href="Donator-Akzeptor-Prinzip" title="Donator-Akzeptor-Prinzip">Donor-Akzeptor-Wechselwirkungen</a> aufgefasst werden. Eine <span lang="en"><i>Electron Localization Function</i></span> (ELF) Analyse eines Stannylendimers zeigt dabei ein disynaptisches Becken (Elektronen in bindenden Orbitalen) ab beiden Zinnatomen. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Wechselwirkung zwischen den beiden Zinnatomen als ungewöhnlich gebogene dative Bindungen aufgefasst werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abseits davon ist die Stabilität von Stannylendimeren zusätzlich von sterischer Abstoßung und dispersiver Anziehung zwischen großen Substituenten abhängig.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insertionsreaktionen">Insertionsreaktionen</h3></div><p>
Alkylstannylene können mit verschiedenen Reagenzien wie <a href="Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe" title="Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe">Halogenalkanen</a>, <a href="Enone" title="Enone">Enonen</a> und <a href="Diene" title="Diene">Dienen</a> in einer oxidativen Addition oder <a href="Insertionsreaktion" title="Insertionsreaktion">Insertion</a> reagieren.</p>
<p>Die Reaktion eines Stannylens mit <a href="9%2C10-Phenanthrendion" class="mw-redirect" title="9,10-Phenanthrendion">9,10-Phenanthrendion</a> führt zu einem <a href="Elektronenspinresonanz" title="Elektronenspinresonanz">EPR-Signal</a>, dass dem 9,10-Phenanthrendionradikalanion zugeordnet werden kann. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Reaktion über einen <a href="Radikal_(Chemie)" title="Radikal (Chemie)">radikalischen</a> <a href="Reaktionsmechanismus" title="Reaktionsmechanismus">Mechanismus</a> abläuft.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
Im Bezug auf das Sn<sup>II</sup>/Sn<sup>IV</sup>-Paar ähneln verschiedene Stannylene Übergangsmetallen. So gilt das Verhalten in Oxidativen Additionen als stark vom Singulet-Triplet-Abstand abhängig.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So führt die Funktionalisierung mit als sehr starke <i>σ</i>-Donoren bekannten Borylsubstituenten zu Verbindungen, die nicht nur molekularen <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a>, sondern auch verschiedene E–H-Bindungen (E = <a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>, <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>, <a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>, <a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>) spalten können. Im Fall von <a href="Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a> und <a href="Wasser" title="Wasser">Wasser</a> kann das Reaktionsprodukt auch eine reduktive Eliminierung eingehen und zur Bildung von O–B- oder N–B-Bindungen führen.<sup id="cite_ref-Protchenko_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protchenko-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycloadditionen">Cycloadditionen</h3></div>
<p>Obwohl Stannylene stabiler sind als ihre leichteren Carbenanaloga, gehen sie <a href="Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">[2+4]-Cycloadditionsreaktionen</a> ein, die zu <a href="Alkene" title="Alkene">Z-Alkenen</a> führen. So reagiert (CH(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Sn mit 2,7-Diphenylocta-2,3,5,6-tetraen chelotrop und entsprechend der <a href="Woodward-Hoffmann-Regeln" title="Woodward-Hoffmann-Regeln">Woodward-Hoffmann-Regeln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-sasamori-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sasamori_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="book">T. Sasamori, N. Tokitoh: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry II</cite>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, U.K. 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1698–1740</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.au=T.%26%2332%3BSasamori%2C%26%2332%3BN.%26%2332%3BTokitoh&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Inorganic+Chemistry+II&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=1698-1740&amp;rft.place=Chichester%2C+U.K.&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoshiyuki Mizuhata, Takahiro Sasamori, Norihiro Tokitoh: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stable Heavier Carbene Analogues</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>109</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>8</span>, 12.&nbsp;August 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3479–3511</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900093s">10.1021/cr900093s</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Stable+Heavier+Carbene+Analogues&amp;rft.au=Yoshiyuki+Mizuhata%2C+Takahiro+Sasamori%2C+Norihiro+Tokitoh&amp;rft.date=2009-08-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr900093s&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=3479-3511&amp;rft.volume=109" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Davidson, Michael F. Lappert: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stabilisation of metals in a low co-ordinative environment using the bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl ligand; coloured Sn II and Pb II alkyls, M[CH(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub></cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_the_Chemical_Society%2C_Chemical_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications">Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>9</span>, 1973, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>317a</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c3973000317a">10.1039/c3973000317a</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Stabilisation+of+metals+in+a+low+co-ordinative+environment+using+the+bis%28trimethylsilyl%29methyl+ligand%3B+coloured+Sn+II+and+Pb+II+alkyls%2C+M%5BCH%28SiMe3%292%5D2&amp;rft.au=Peter+J.+Davidson%2C+Michael+F.+Lappert&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.doi=10.1039%2Fc3973000317a&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Chemical+Communications&amp;rft.pages=317a" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David H. Harris, Michael F. Lappert: <cite style="font-style:italic">Monomeric, volatile bivalent amides of group IV B elements, M(NR<sup>1</sup><sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and M(NR<sup>1</sup>R<sup>2</sup>)<sub>2</sub> (M=Ge, Sn, or Pb; R<sup>1</sup>=Me<sub>3</sub>Si, R<sup>2</sup>=Me<sub>3</sub>C)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>21</span>, 1974, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>895–896</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C39740000895">10.1039/C39740000895</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Monomeric%2C+volatile+bivalent+amides+of+group+IV+B+elements%2C+M%28NR12%292+and+M%28NR1R2%292+%28M%3DGe%2C+Sn%2C+or+Pb%3B+R1%3DMe3Si%2C+R2%3DMe3C%29&amp;rft.au=David+H.+Harris%2C+Michael+F.+Lappert&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.doi=10.1039%2FC39740000895&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Chem.+Commun.&amp;rft.pages=895-896" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitsuo Kira, Shintaro Ishida, Takeaki Iwamoto, Rika Yauchibara, Hideki Sakurai: <cite style="font-style:italic">New synthesis of a stable dialkylstannylene and its reversible complexation with tetrahydrofuran</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_Organometallic_Chemistry" title="Journal of Organometallic Chemistry">Journal of Organometallic Chemistry</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>636</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–2</span>, November 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>144–147</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-328X%2801%2900998-6">10.1016/S0022-328X(01)00998-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=New+synthesis+of+a+stable+dialkylstannylene+and+its+reversible+complexation+with+tetrahydrofuran&amp;rft.au=Mitsuo+Kira%2C+Shintaro+Ishida%2C+Takeaki+Iwamoto%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2001-11&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2801%2900998-6&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=144-147&amp;rft.volume=636" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Bleckmann, Hartwig Maly, Rolf Minkwitz, Wilhelm P. Neumann, Bärbel Watta: <cite style="font-style:italic">Matrix Isolation and IR spectroscopy of stannylenes (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Sn and (CD<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Sn</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Tetrahedron_Letters" title="Tetrahedron Letters">Tetrahedron Letters</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>45</span>, 1982, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4655–4658</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039%2800%2985679-8">10.1016/S0040-4039(00)85679-8</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Matrix+Isolation+and+IR+spectroscopy+of+stannylenes+%28CH3%292Sn+and+%28CD3%292Sn&amp;rft.au=Paul+Bleckmann%2C+Hartwig+Maly%2C+Rolf+Minkwitz%2C+...&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2800%2985679-8&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=45&amp;rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&amp;rft.pages=4655-4658&amp;rft.volume=23" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosa Becerra, Sergey E. Boganov, Mikhail P. Egorov, Valery I. Faustov, Irina V. Krylova: <cite style="font-style:italic">First Gas-Phase Detection of Dimethylstannylene and Time-Resolved Study of Some of Its Reactions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>124</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25</span>, 1.&nbsp;Juni 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>7555–7562</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja012691k">10.1021/ja012691k</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=First+Gas-Phase+Detection+of+Dimethylstannylene+and+Time-Resolved+Study+of+Some+of+Its+Reactions&amp;rft.au=Rosa+Becerra%2C+Sergey+E.+Boganov%2C+Mikhail+P.+Egorov%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2002-06-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja012691k&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=25&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=7555-7562&amp;rft.volume=124" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosa Becerra, Peter P. Gaspar, Cameron R. Harrington, William J. Leigh, Ignacio Vargas-Baca: <cite style="font-style:italic">Direct Detection of Dimethylstannylene and Tetramethyldistannene in Solution and the Gas Phase by Laser Flash Photolysis of 1,1-Dimethylstannacyclopent-3-enes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>127</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>49</span>, Dezember 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>17469–17478</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja052675d">10.1021/ja052675d</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Direct+Detection+of+Dimethylstannylene+and+Tetramethyldistannene+in+Solution+and+the+Gas+Phase+by+Laser+Flash+Photolysis+of+1%2C1-Dimethylstannacyclopent-3-enes&amp;rft.au=Rosa+Becerra%2C+Peter+P.+Gaspar%2C+Cameron+R.+Harrington%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2005-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja052675d&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=49&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=17469-17478&amp;rft.volume=127" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alwyn George Davies: <cite style="font-style:italic">Organotin chemistry</cite>. 2nd, completely rev. and updated ed Auflage. <a href="Wiley-VCH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley-VCH">Wiley-VCH</a>, <a href="Weinheim" title="Weinheim">Weinheim</a> 2004, ISBN 3-527-31023-1.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.au=Alwyn+George+Davies&amp;rft.btitle=Organotin+chemistry&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=2nd%2C+completely+rev.+and+updated+ed&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3527310231&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Izod, William McFarlane, Brent V. Tyson, Ian Carr, William Clegg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stabilization of a Dialkylstannylene by Unusual B−H···Sn γ-Agostic-Type Interactions. A Structural, Spectroscopic, and DFT Study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Organometallics" title="Organometallics">Organometallics</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, Februar 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1135–1143</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/om0600036">10.1021/om0600036</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Stabilization+of+a+Dialkylstannylene+by+Unusual+B%E2%88%92H%C2%B7%C2%B7%C2%B7Sn+%CE%B3-Agostic-Type+Interactions.+A+Structural%2C+Spectroscopic%2C+and+DFT+Study&amp;rft.au=Keith+Izod%2C+William+McFarlane%2C+Brent+V.+Tyson%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2006-02&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fom0600036&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Organometallics&amp;rft.pages=1135-1143&amp;rft.volume=25" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathaniel O. J. Malcolm, Ronald J. Gillespie, Paul L. A. Popelier: <cite style="font-style:italic">A topological study of homonuclear multiple bonds between the elements of group 14</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Journal_of_the_Chemical_Society%2C_Dalton_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions">Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>17</span>, 29.&nbsp;August 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3333–3341</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/b110610b">10.1039/b110610b</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=A+topological+study+of+homonuclear+multiple+bonds+between+the+elements+of+group+14&amp;rft.au=Nathaniel+O.+J.+Malcolm%2C+Ronald+J.+Gillespie%2C+Paul+L.+A.+Popelier&amp;rft.date=2002-08-29&amp;rft.doi=10.1039%2Fb110610b&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Dalton+Transactions&amp;rft.pages=3333-3341" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Sedlak, Olga A. Stasyuk, Célia Fonseca Guerra, Jan Řezáč, Aleš Růžička: <cite style="font-style:italic">New Insight into the Nature of Bonding in the Dimers of Lappert’s Stannylene and Its Ge Analogs: A Quantum Mechanical Study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, 12.&nbsp;April 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1696–1704</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00065">10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00065</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=New+Insight+into+the+Nature+of+Bonding+in+the+Dimers+of+Lappert%E2%80%99s+Stannylene+and+Its+Ge+Analogs%3A+A+Quantum+Mechanical+Study&amp;rft.au=Robert+Sedlak%2C+Olga+A.+Stasyuk%2C+C%C3%A9lia+Fonseca+Guerra%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2016-04-12&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Facs.jctc.6b00065&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Theory+and+Computation&amp;rft.pages=1696-1704&amp;rft.volume=12" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashrafolmolouk Asadi, Colin Eaborn, Michael S. Hill, Peter B. Hitchcock, Margaret M. Meehan: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reactions of a Highly Crowded Cyclic Stannylene with Iodoalkanes, Enones, and Dienes. Inhibition of Nucleophilic Substitution at Tin(IV) Centers</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Organometallics" title="Organometallics">Organometallics</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>, Juni 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2430–2437</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/om020106y">10.1021/om020106y</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Reactions+of+a+Highly+Crowded+Cyclic+Stannylene+with+Iodoalkanes%2C+Enones%2C+and+Dienes.+Inhibition+of+Nucleophilic+Substitution+at+Tin%28IV%29+Centers&amp;rft.au=Ashrafolmolouk+Asadi%2C+Colin+Eaborn%2C+Michael+S.+Hill%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2002-06&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fom020106y&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Organometallics&amp;rft.pages=2430-2437&amp;rft.volume=21" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yong Wang, Jing Ma: <cite style="font-style:italic">Silylenes and germylenes: The activation of H–H bond in hydrogen molecule</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Organometallic Chemistry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>694</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>16</span>, Juli 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2567–2575</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.03.051">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.03.051</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Silylenes+and+germylenes%3A+The+activation+of+H-H+bond+in+hydrogen+molecule&amp;rft.au=Yong+Wang%2C+Jing+Ma&amp;rft.date=2009-07&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2009.03.051&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=2567-2575&amp;rft.volume=694" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Protchenko-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Protchenko_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Protchenko_15-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrey V. Protchenko, Joshua I. Bates, Liban M. A. Saleh, Matthew P. Blake, Andrew D. Schwarz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Enabling and Probing Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at a Group 14 Metal Center: Cleavage and Functionalization of E–H Bonds by a Bis(boryl)stannylene</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the American Chemical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>138</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13</span>, 6.&nbsp;April 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4555–4564</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b00710">10.1021/jacs.6b00710</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=Enabling+and+Probing+Oxidative+Addition+and+Reductive+Elimination+at+a+Group+14+Metal+Center%3A+Cleavage+and+Functionalization+of+E-H+Bonds+by+a+Bis%28boryl%29stannylene&amp;rft.au=Andrey+V.+Protchenko%2C+Joshua+I.+Bates%2C+Liban+M.+A.+Saleh%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2016-04-06&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fjacs.6b00710&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.pages=4555-4564&amp;rft.volume=138" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Marx, Wilhelm P. Neumann, Knut Hillner: <cite style="font-style:italic">[2+4] Cheletropic cycloadditions of stannylenes R<sub>2</sub>Sn (R = alkyl, amino, halogen)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Tetrahedron Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6</span>, Januar 1984, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>625–628</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039%2800%2999955-6">10.1016/S0040-4039(00)99955-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stannylene&amp;rft.atitle=%5B2%2B4%5D+Cheletropic+cycloadditions+of+stannylenes+R2Sn+%28R+%3D+alkyl%2C+amino%2C+halogen%29&amp;rft.au=Rainer+Marx%2C+Wilhelm+P.+Neumann%2C+Knut+Hillner&amp;rft.date=1984-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2800%2999955-6&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&amp;rft.pages=625-628&amp;rft.volume=25" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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